On-orbit geometric calibration method and system of multi-camera optical push-broom satellite

Disclosed is an on-orbit geometric calibration method and system of a multi-camera optical push-broom satellite. The method includes: subjecting each camera to stepwise internal and external calibration to acquire internal and external calibration parameters of the cameras; using a field control point as an orientation point, re-calculating the external parameters of the cameras on the basis of least-squares adjustment, and determining a multi-load mounting angle relation; for the camera, serving as a main load, re-calculating the external calibration parameter on the basis of least-squares adjustment with global multi-calibration field data as the orientation point, and converting the external calibration parameter into a corresponding final mounting matrix; according to the mounting angle relation, solving final mounting matrixes of other auxiliary loads to obtain the final external calibration parameters of the cameras. According to the imaging feature of the multi-camera optical push-broom satellite, the mounting relation of the multiple loads is fully considered, high-precision geometric calibration of the multi-camera push-broom satellite is achieved, and the relative geometric precision of following multi-view stereo images is improved.