The invention provides an air 
pathogen real-time monitoring and identifying instrument, which comprises a housing, a first monitoring module, a second monitoring module, a control module and a power supply module. The first monitoring module comprises a sampling head, a first 
air pump and an 
aerosol sensor which are connected through a 
breather pipe; the second monitoring module comprises a liquidstorage 
bottle, a sampling needle, a second 
air pump, a sample adding device and an 
immunoassay analyzer; the sample adding device comprises a liquid suction pump and a sample adding needle; the 
liquid storage bottle is provided with an air inlet; the 
liquid storage bottle and the second 
air pump are connected through the 
breather pipe; the sampling needle extends into the 
liquid storage bottle;the sampling needle, the liquid suction pump and the sample adding needle are connected through a liquid 
pipe; the 
immunoassay analyzer is provided with a 
chip moving device, and the 
chip moving device is provided with a micro-fluidic 
chip; and the first monitoring module, the second monitoring module and the power supply module are electrically connected with the controller. The invention furtherprovides an identifying method; and 
automation and effectiveness of 
pathogen detection are improved, and integration of real-time monitoring and sampling identification is achieved.