The invention relates to a large-
caliber aspheric surface 
primary mirror detection device and method. The device includes a 
point light source, a baffle, a measuring scale, a CCD (charge coupled 
detector) and a 
thin wire. According to the method, a 
spherical wave emitted by the 
point light source passes through an annular seam in the baffle and irradiates the mirror surface of a to-be-detected aspheric surface 
primary mirror; then the 
spherical wave is reflected by the mirror surface; the position of the baffle is adjusted, so that the light reflected by the mirror surface of the to-be-detected aspheric surface 
primary mirror can pass through the annular seam in the baffle; a circle of bright 
ray is formed at the 
point light source; the 
thin wire is used for 
cutting at the 
point light source; observing from the back of the 
thin wire, a user can see that the bright 
ray disappears; the CCD positioned behind the 
point light source is used for shooting and recording images of the bright 
ray; the 
radius of the annulus of the bright ray and the distance from the light 
point source to the to-be-detected aspheric surface primary mirror are measured. The position of the 
point light source or the baffle is adjusted, and the 
radius of the annulus of the bright ray and the distance from the light 
point source to the to-be-detected aspheric surface primary mirror are measured, so that the 
radius of curvature of a vertex of the to-be-detected aspheric surface primary mirror, a secondary constant and a 
surface shape are figured out according to the aspheric surface primary mirror 
surface shape formula.