The invention discloses a synaptic 
transistor based on a two-dimensional 
semiconductor material and a preparation method of the synaptic 
transistor. The synaptic 
transistor comprises an insulating substrate, and a channel, a source 
electrode, a drain 
electrode and a gate 
electrode which are arranged on the substrate, wherein the channel is a two-dimensional 
semiconductor material; the source electrode and the drain electrode are arranged at the two ends of the channel respectively and form an 
ohmic contact with the channel material; the gate electrode and an electrical 
interconnection system formed by the channel, the source electrode and the drain electrode are kept in electronic insulation; an organic 
electrolyte covers a channel region and most of the gate electrode and comprises an organic carrier capable of being electrically insulated and ions capable of being migrated, and effective 
ion control of the gate to the channel material is formed. According to the synaptic transistor based on the two-dimensional 
semiconductor material and the preparation method of the synaptic transistor, an 
ion attachment-intercalation mechanism is utilized, and the characteristics of large surface area and adjustable resistance value of the two-dimensional material are combined, so that the device shows long-term and short-term 
synaptic plasticity, and the two characteristics can change witheach other along with the change of a gate 
signal. Meanwhile, the device has good 
linearity and ultralow operational 
power consumption, and the implementation and large-scale integration application of a high-precision neuromorphic device are facilitated.